这篇笔记最初只是我学习英语时随手塞进 Obsidian 的一个“收纳盒”:有课堂上抄下来的词,有看 English with Lucy 时记住的说法,也有后来和 Gemini、Nyami 对话时留下的例句。记录的时候觉得每一条都有用,几年后回头一看,却像打开了一个塞得满满当当的抽屉。
我不想把它包装成一套系统教材。这里更像我的学习现场:有基础概念,也有突然遇到的表达;有认真做过的辨析,也有过去直接复制后还没来得及消化的材料。这次整理的目标,是把它们从“一堆摘录”慢慢变成真正属于我的表达库。
我给自己定了几条简单的整理原则:
- 尽量把词放回具体语境,而不是只记一个中文释义。
- 近义词不轻易画等号,优先记住它们的语气和使用场景。
- 每个重要表达至少保留一个能让我重新理解它的例句。
- 不确定的内容宁愿以后再补,也不把看起来正确的答案直接当成结论。
一、语法与句子结构
实词与虚词
词法关注各类词的形态、功能及其变化。按是否具有独立词汇意义,可以粗略分为:
- 实词(content words):具有较明确的词汇意义,通常可以独立充当句子成分,例如名词、实义动词、形容词和副词。
- 虚词(function words):主要承担语法和结构功能,例如冠词、介词、连词和助动词。
句子的基本成分
- 主语(subject):句子谈论的对象。
- 谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态或特征,核心通常是动词。
- 宾语(object):动作涉及的对象。
- 补语(complement):补充说明主语或宾语。
- 定语(attribute / modifier):修饰名词或代词。
- 状语(adverbial):说明时间、地点、方式、原因、程度等信息。
主语和宾语通常由名词、代词或具有名词功能的结构担任,例如动名词、不定式和名词性从句。
谓语(predicate)
谓语是句子的核心部分,用来描述主语的动作或状态。
She runs every morning.
她每天早晨跑步。
The cake tastes delicious.
蛋糕尝起来很美味。
简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成:
- He sleeps.
- They are singing.
同一个主语也可以有两个或多个并列动作:
- She dances and sings beautifully.
- You can stay or leave.
完整谓语还包括与谓语动词关联的宾语、补语和状语:
She bought a new dress yesterday.
非谓语动词(non-finite verbs)
非谓语动词不独立充当句子的谓语,也不直接随主语的人称和时态发生变化。常见形式包括:
- 不定式:
to do - 动名词:
doing,具有名词功能 - 现在分词:
doing,常用于进行时、分词短语或形容词化结构 - 过去分词:
done,常用于完成时、被动语态或形容词化结构
需要结合句中功能判断 doing 是动名词还是现在分词。
Reading regularly improves your vocabulary.
动名词短语作主语时,谓语通常使用第三人称单数形式。
定语(attribute / modifier)
定语修饰名词或代词,用来说明性质、数量、所属或范围。
- 前置定语:a beautiful garden
- 后置定语:the book on the desk
- 定语从句:the person who helped me
英语中的长定语、介词短语和定语从句经常位于中心词之后。
先行词(antecedent)
先行词是关系词所指代的名词或名词短语,关系从句会补充说明它。
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
the man 是先行词,who lives next door 是修饰它的关系从句。
I have a book, which is very interesting.
a book 是先行词,which is very interesting 是非限制性关系从句。
二、词汇积累与辨析
我以前记单词时很喜欢用等号把一串词连在一起,复习时看起来很高效,真正使用时却常常不知道该选哪一个。现在我更在意:它是什么词性、通常出现在哪里,以及它和相邻词到底差在哪一点。
常用词与短语
lack
lack 表示“缺少、缺乏”。
- a lack of experience:缺乏经验
- lack confidence:缺乏信心
- not for lack of trying:并非没有努力;已经尽力了
all-you-can-eat buffet
- buffet:自助餐,不一定强调不限量。
- all-you-can-eat buffet:不限量自助餐。
The hotel offers an all-you-can-eat buffet with a variety of international dishes.
作为“自助餐”时,buffet 常读作 /ˈbʊfeɪ/ 或 /bəˈfeɪ/;表示“打击、冲击”时读音不同。
Don’t get me started on …
这个表达通常暗示说话者对某个话题有强烈意见,一说起来就可能停不下来。
Don’t get me started on that TV show. I could complain about it for hours.
容易混淆的词
| 词语 | 含义与辨析 |
|---|---|
| cultivate / nurture / foster | 培养。bring up 更常用于“抚养孩子”或“提出话题”。 |
| communal | 公共使用的、共享的;不完全等同于 public。 |
| conservative / traditional | 前者强调保守,后者强调传统,不能简单画等号。 |
| reputation | 名声,可好可坏。 |
| prestige | 威望、声望,通常带正面含义。 |
| notoriety | 恶名、臭名,通常带负面含义。 |
| fertilize | 施肥;使受精。 |
| fertilizer | 肥料。 |
| fertile | 肥沃的;有生育能力的。 |
| fertilization | 施肥过程;受精过程。 |
| civilization / civilisation | 文明;美式和英式拼写。 |
| civilian | 平民;与 civilization 不能互换。 |
| prospect | 前景、可能性;也可指潜在客户。 |
| spectator | 现场观众,常用于体育赛事。 |
| audience | 观众或听众,适用范围更广。 |
| incentive | 激励因素、诱因,是名词。 |
| stimulate | 刺激、促进,是动词。 |
| inspire | 激励、启发,是动词。 |
| curriculum | 一套课程体系或学校课程安排。 |
| syllabus | 某门课程的教学大纲。 |
| deficiency | 缺乏、不足,例如 oxygen deficiency。 |
其他课程词汇
- synergy:协同作用
- ventilation:通风;通风设备或通风状况
- qualification:资格、资历
- certificate:证书
- qualified:合格的、有资格的
- interactive:互动的
- discipline:纪律;学科;训练;惩戒,读作 /ˈdɪsəplɪn/
- insist on:坚持要求;坚称
- consist of:由……组成
- via:通过;经由
- bureau:局、办事处,例如 FBI 中的
Bureau - employment rate:就业率
- aid / first aid:援助;急救
- run out of / deplete:用尽;消耗
- emission / emit:排放物、排放;发出、排放
- consume / consumption:消费、消耗;消费量
- conscious:意识到的;有意识的
- Antarctica:南极洲

日常场景词汇
- settle the bill:结账、买单
- in cash:用现金支付
- tattered:破旧的、破烂不堪的,常形容衣物或纸张
- damaged bill / damaged note:破损纸币,日常语境更自然
- mutilated currency:严重残损、需要银行或官方机构鉴定兑换的货币
- out of circulation:退出流通;无法继续流通
- infringe on someone’s privacy:侵犯某人的隐私
- invade someone’s privacy:侵扰某人的隐私,日常表达更常见
This bill is badly damaged.
这张纸币损坏得很严重。
The bank rejected the note because it was damaged.
银行因为纸币破损而拒收。
三、固定搭配与学术表达
认识一个单词,并不代表能够自然地把它放进句子。下面这些搭配,是我希望自己写作或表达观点时能够真正调用出来的部分。
原因、结果与影响
on account of
表示“由于、因为”,语气比 because of 稍正式。
The plane was delayed on account of the bad weather.
bring about
表示“引起、带来”,常用于变化或结果。
The new policy brought about significant changes in the education system.
近义表达:cause、lead to、result in。
stem from
表示“源于、起因于”。
His fear stems from a childhood accident.
be attributed to
表示“被归因于”。
The decline in performance is attributed to poor time management.
exert an influence on
表示“对……施加影响”。
Parental behavior exerts a strong influence on a child’s development.
更简洁的表达包括 influence、affect 和 have an impact on。
一致、依据与判断
- be in accord with:与……一致、相符
- of one’s own accord:自愿地、主动地
- in accordance with:按照、依据;与……一致
- be indicative of:表明、显示出
These results are in accord with earlier research.
All actions must be in accordance with the law.
The high turnover rate is indicative of deeper problems within the company.
行动、标准与程度
take measures to do something
表示“采取措施做某事”,也可以用 take steps to do something。
The government has taken measures to reduce air pollution.
fall short of
表示“未达到预期、要求或标准”。
The results fell short of our expectations.
on the verge of
表示“濒临、接近于”。
The species is on the verge of extinction.
by no means
表示“绝不、完全不”。
The job is by no means easy.
论证与分析
- bear in mind:记住、牢记
- call into question:使……受到质疑
- lend credence to:使某种说法更可信
- shed light on:阐明、帮助理解
- draw a distinction between:区分……与……
- in retrospect:回顾过去、事后看来
Bear in mind that the test is only one measure of your ability.
The recent findings call into question the validity of the previous research.
This evidence lends credence to the theory.
The report aims to shed light on the causes of the economic crisis.
It is important to draw a distinction between facts and opinions.
In retrospect, I should have prepared more for the interview.
其他高频表达
- a far cry from:与……相差甚远
- play a pivotal role in:在……中起关键作用
- be prone to:容易……;倾向于……
- be susceptible to:易受……影响
- in the wake of:在……之后;作为……的结果
四、写作中的衔接表达
我曾经很容易被这些“看起来很高级”的句型吸引。现在再看,它们更像骨架:能够帮我组织段落,但真正让文字站得住的,仍然是后面的事实、理由和个人判断。
这些句型适合搭建论述结构,但不应机械堆砌。真正重要的是后面是否跟着具体、可信的论据。
It is widely acknowledged that …
用于引入广泛接受的观点。
It is widely acknowledged that technology has changed the way we communicate.
There is no denying that …
用于强调一个很难否认的事实。
There is no denying that environmental problems are becoming more severe.
While it is true that …, it is also important to note that …
用于平衡两个角度。
While it is true that social media connects people, it is also important to note that it can lead to addiction.
One of the most compelling arguments is that …
用于引出一个重要论点。
One of the most compelling arguments is that education promotes equality.
From a long-term perspective, …
用于把讨论延伸到长期影响。
From a long-term perspective, investing in renewable energy is a wise decision.
五、口语中的自然表达
比起追求复杂,我更希望口语听起来像自己真的会说的话。这些表达大多不难,但能让我在需要停顿、转折或表达倾向时,不必总从 I think 开始。
I’m not an expert, but I’d say …
用于谦逊地引出个人判断。
I’m not an expert, but I’d say traveling really broadens your perspective.
What really matters is …
用于强调核心。
What really matters is whether you learned something meaningful from the experience.
If I had to choose, I’d go with …
适合回答比较或选择类问题。
If I had to choose, I’d go with working from home—it’s more flexible.
That being said, …
表示“话虽如此”,用于补充转折。
I love city life. That being said, it can sometimes feel overwhelming.
I tend to …
用于描述习惯或倾向。
I tend to stay up late, which isn’t very healthy.
口语中 had to、tend to 和介词 from、of 经常弱读。练习时应先保证发音清楚,再逐渐追求连读和节奏,不必刻意吞音。
六、互联网与社交平台表达
这一部分来自我最熟悉的使用场景:聊天、刷视频、看动画和逛社交平台。它们未必适合正式写作,却很接近日常真正会遇到的英语。
常见功能
| 中文 | 常见英文表达 | 示例或说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 撤回消息 | unsend / recall a message | Unsend 在许多社交平台上更常见。 |
| 拍一拍 | poke / nudge | Poke 带有轻松打招呼的感觉。 |
| 置顶聊天 | pin a conversation | I pinned our chat so I wouldn’t miss your messages. |
| 已读 | read / seen / marked as read | leave someone on read 指已读不回。 |
| 开启通知 | turn on notifications | Turn on notifications for this group. |
| 关闭通知 | mute / turn off notifications | I muted that group. |
| 删除好友 | remove / unfriend | He unfriended me yesterday. |
| 拉黑 | block | I had to block that account. |
| 限制互动 | restrict | Instagram lets you restrict an account. |
| 设为私密 | set the account to private | I made my account private. |
| 上传照片 | upload / post a photo | I posted a photo from the beach. |
| 回复 | reply / respond | I’m about to reply to your message. |
| 表情包 | sticker / meme | Emoji 通常指单个表情符号。 |
| 编辑消息 | edit a message | Can we edit sent messages here? |
| 取消点赞 | unlike / remove a like | I liked it by accident and immediately unliked it. |
可见范围与账号关系
| 中文 | 常见英文表达 | 示例或说明 |
|---|---|---|
| 仅部分人可见 | visible to selected people / custom audience | This post is visible to close friends only. |
| 拉人进群 | add someone to a group / invite someone to a group chat | Can I add you to the group? |
| 群公告 | group announcement / pinned message | Check the pinned message for the rules. |
| 限时可见 | visible for a limited time | Her posts are only visible for three days. |
| 单向关注 | one-way follow / not mutually followed | We don’t follow each other mutually. |
| 偷偷查看 | lurk / check quietly | I mostly lurk; I rarely post. |
| 置顶动态 | pin a post | That photo is her pinned post. |
| 在线状态 | online / active now | You’ve been active for two hours. |
| 访客记录 | profile visitors / who viewed my profile | Many platforms do not provide this feature. |
| 小号 | alt account / burner account | Alt 是 alternate account 的缩写。 |
mute 和 block 的区别:前者通常只是让自己少看到对方的内容;后者会限制对方查看或联系自己,具体行为取决于平台。
B站、动画与游戏语境
| 中文 | 英文说法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 弹幕 | danmaku / bullet comments / live comments | I turned off the danmaku because it was too distracting. |
| UP主 | content creator / video uploader | That creator makes excellent animation edits. |
| 点赞 | like | I liked the new episode. |
| 收藏 | add to favorites / save | I saved the video to my favorites. |
| 投币 | give coins | 这是带有平台特色的直译,最好补充 Bilibili 语境。 |
| 番剧 | anime / show / series | This anime is adapted from a novel. |
| 追番 | keep up with an anime / follow a series | I’m keeping up with three shows this season. |
| 入坑 | get into a fandom / become a fan of | I got into the fandom after watching one clip. |
| 发刀 | deliver an emotional blow / make the audience cry | The latest chapter hit hard. |
| BE结局 | tragic ending / bad ending | The story has a tragic ending. |
七、语气与细微差别
ever 在条件句中的语感
I’d love to experience them if they ever return.
| 表达 | 基本含义 | 语气 |
|---|---|---|
| if they return | 如果它们回来 | 中性地讨论可能性 |
| if they ever return | 如果它们将来真的有一天回来 | 更强调时间不确定,带有期待或怀疑 |
这里的 ever 可以理解为“在未来任何时候”。它没有改变条件句的基本结构,但增加了不确定性和语气色彩。
八、随手记录:Lo-fi
它和语法学习没有直接关系,但 Lo-fi 曾经陪我度过不少学习和整理笔记的时间,所以我还是想把这段小知识留在这里。
Lo-fi 是 low fidelity 的缩写。它原本指低保真录音,后来也用来描述一种主动保留背景噪声、磁带质感、轻微失真等“不完美”元素的音乐审美。
常见的 Lo-fi 音乐以器乐为主,会结合 Hip-hop 节拍、爵士和循环采样,营造放松、怀旧的氛围,因此经常被用作学习、工作或休息时的背景音乐。
参考阅读:
这篇笔记大概不会有真正“完成”的一天。以后遇到新的表达,我仍会把它们放进来;只是希望下一次记录时,我不再满足于复制一个答案,而是多写一句:我是在什么地方遇见它的,又准备在什么场景里使用它。
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